Prime Minister Youth Skill Development
Program
Phase IV Batch II
Phase IV Batch II
SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING SPECIALIST
(SMMS) @ FAITH
About the Organization
NAVTTC is an apex body at national level to regulate, facilitate and provide policy direction in Vocational & Technical Training. The Commission is establishing and promoting linkages among various stakeholders existing at national as well as international level.
Our Vision
Skills for Employability, Skills for All
Our Mission
To provide direction, support and an enabling environment to the public and private sectors to implement training for skills development in order
First Semester Information About "DCBM"
Computer Application To Business
Office Automation
Word
Excel
powerpoint
Fundamental Of Access
Internet Manegment
Computerized Financial Accounting
Using Peechtree
Turbo C& C++
Manegment Of Secretarial Duties
Functional English
Basic It Information
A computer generally means a
programmable machine. The
two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set
of instructions in a well-defined manner and
it can execute a prerecorded list of
instructions (a program).
Modern Computers Defined
Modern
computers are electronic and digital. The actual
machinery — wires, transistors, and circuits — is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software
Computer Classification
Computer Classification: By Size and Power
Computers can be generally
classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:
Personal
computer: a
small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the
microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information,
and a storage for saving data.
Workstation: a powerful, single-user
computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
Minicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
Mainframe: a powerful multi-user
computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.
Supercomputer: an extremely fast computer
that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
Cpu
CPU (pronounced as separate letters)
is the abbreviation for central processing unit.
Sometimes referred to simply as the
central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of
the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power,
the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
The CPU itself is an internal
component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain
multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted
directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard.
Each motherboard will support only
a specific type (or range) of CPU, so you must check the motherboard
manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in
your computer. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that
go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.
Component Of Cpu
Components of a CPU
Two typical components of a CPU are
the following:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical
operations.
The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and
decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
Machine Cycle
Fetch Get data from Main memory
Decode Convert data to machine
understandable language
Execute Perform calculation on
data
Store Store the result in main memory
Motherboard
The main circuit board of a
microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional
boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage
interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers
required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen,
keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the
motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset.
On most PCs, it is possible to add
memory chips directly to the
motherboard. You may also be
able to upgrade to a faster PC by
replacing the CPU chip. To add
additional core features,
you may need to replace the
motherboard entirely.
Primary Memory
Physical memory that is internal to
the computer. The word main is used to distinguish it from external mass
storage devices such as disk drives. Another term for main memory is RAM.
The computer can manipulate only
data that is in main memory. Therefore, every program you execute and every
file you access must be copied from a storage device into main memory.
The amount of main memory on a
computer is crucial because it determines how many programs can be executed at
one time and how much data can be readily available to a program.
Roms
Pronounced ROM, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on which
data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it
cannot be removed and can only be read.
Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the
computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is
volatile.
Most personal computers contain a
small amount of ROM that stores critical programs such as the program that
boots the computer. In addition, ROMs are used extensively in calculators and
peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in
ROMs.
Short for programmable read-only
memory, a memory chip on which data can be written only once. Once a program
has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever. Unlike RAM, PROMs
retain their contents when the computer is turned off.
The difference between a PROM and a
ROM (read-only memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas
a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. To write data onto a PROM
chip, you need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM burner. The
process of programming a PROM is sometimes called burning the PROM.
An EPROM (erasable programmable
read-only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it
to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be reprogrammed.
An EEPROM is similar to a PROM, but requires
only electricity to be erased.
Cache Memory
Pronounced cash, a special
high-speed storage mechanism. It can be either a reserved section of main
memory or an independent high-speed storage device. Two types of caching are
commonly used in personal computers: memory caching and disk caching.
A memory cache, sometimes called a
cache store or RAM cache, is a portion of memory made of high-speed static RAM
(SRAM) instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM) used for main
memory. Memory caching is effective because most programs access the same data
or instructions over and over. By keeping as much of this information as
possible in SRAM, the computer avoids accessing the slower DRAM.
Some memory caches are built into
the architecture of microprocessors. The Intel 80486 microprocessor, for
example, contains an 8K memory cache, and the Pentium has a 16K cache. Such
internal caches are often called Level 1 (L1) caches. Most modern PCs also come
with external cache memory, called Level 2 (L2) caches. These caches sit
between the CPU and the DRAM. Like L1 caches, L2 caches are composed of SRAM
but they are
Vartual Memory
An
imaginary memory area supported by some operating systems (for example, Windows
but not DOS) in conjunction with the hardware. You can think of virtual memory
as an alternate set of memory addresses. Programs use these virtual addresses
rather than real addresses to store instructions and data. When the program is
actually executed, the virtual addresses are converted into real memory
addresses.
The purpose of virtual memory is to
enlarge the address space, the set of addresses a program can utilize. For
example, virtual memory might contain twice as many addresses as main memory. A
program using all of virtual memory, therefore, would not be able to fit in
main memory all at once. Nevertheless, the computer could execute such a
program by copying into main memory those portions of the program
System Softwere
System software is software on a computer that is designed to control
and work with computer hardware. The two main types of system software are the
operating system and the software installed with the operating system, often
called utility software. The operating system and utility software typically
depend on each other to function properly.
Operating System
What
is an operating system? An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as
"OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the
computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The
other programs are called applications or application programs. The application
programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services
through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can
interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a
command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).
Storage Menegment
Operating
System also Controls the all the Storage Operations means how the data or files
will be Stored into the computers and how the Files will be Accessed by
the users etc. All the Operations those are Responsible for Storing and
Accessing the Files is determined by the Operating System Operating System also
Allows us Creation of Files, Creation of Directories and Reading and Writing
the data of Files and Directories and also Copy the contents of the Files and
the Directories from One Place to Another Place.
Windows 3.0
Windows 3.1,3.11 or 3.12 Workgroup
Windows 95
Windows 98, Windows NT Server 4.0
Windows 2000 Professional, Server
Windows Xp, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and
Windows 8
Windows 10 Beta
Translator And Compiler
Compile is the process of creating an executable program from code
written in a compiled programming language. Compiling allows the computer to
run and understand the program without the need of the programming software
used to create it. When a program is compiled it is often compiled for a
specific platform.
A program that executes instructions written in a high-level language.
There are two ways to run programs written in a high-level language. The most
common is to compile the program; the other method is to pass the program
through an interpreter.
An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate
form, which it then executes. In contrast, a compiler translates high-level
instructions directly into machine language. Compiled programs generally run
faster than interpreted programs. The advantage of an interpreter, however, is
that it does not need to go through the compilation stage during which machine
instructions are generated. This process can be time-consuming if the program
is long. The interpreter, on the other hand, can immediately execute high-level
programs. For this reason, interpreters are sometimes used during the
development of a program, when a programmer wants to add small sections at a
time and test them quickly.
Assembler
computer language assembler Program used to convert or translate
programs written in assembly code to machine code. Some users may also refer to
assembly language or assembler language as assembler
Assembler
computer language assembler Program used to convert or translate
programs written in assembly code to machine code. Some users may also refer to
assembly language or assembler language as assembler
Utility softwere
UTILITY PROGRAMS
A
program that performs a very specific task, usually related to managing system
resources. Operating systems contain a number of utilities for managing disk
drives, printers, and other devices.
Utilities
differ from applications mostly in terms of size, complexity and function. For
example, word processors, spreadsheet programs, and database applications are
considered applications because they are large programs that perform a variety
of functions not directly related to managing computer resources.
Utilities are sometimes installed
as memory-resident programs. On DOS systems, such utilities are called TSRs.
Word Processing
Using
a computer to create, edit, and print documents. Of all computer applications,
word processing is the most common. To perform word processing, you need a
computer, a special program called a word processor, and a printer. A word
processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk,
display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the
keyboard, and print it on a printer.
Excel
Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply as spreadsheets) are computer programs that let you create and
manipulate spreadsheets electronically. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You can define what type of data is in each cell and how
different cells depend on one another. The relationships between cells are
called formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels.
DBMS
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that
enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There
are many different types of database management systems, ranging from small
systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.
RDBMS
An important feature of relational
systems is that a single database can be spread across several tables. This
differs from flat-file databases, in which each database is self-contained in a
single table.
Almost all full-scale database systems are RDBMS's. Small database
systems, however, use other designs that provide less flexibility in posing
queries.
Sql "Structed Query Language"
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standardized programming language
used for managing relational databases and performing various operations on the
data in them. Initially created in the 1970s, SQL is regularly used by database
administrators, as well as by developers writing data integration scripts and
data analysts looking to set up and run analytical queries.
Ais"Accounting Information System"
An
accounting information system (AIS) is a structure that a business uses to
collect, store, manage, process, retrieve and report its financial data so that
it can be used by accountants, consultants, business analysts, managers, chief
financial officers (CFOs), auditors and regulatory and tax agencies.
Mouse
A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a
display screen. A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard, flat
surface. Its name is derived from its shape, which looks a bit like a mouse,
its connecting wire that one can imagine to be the mouse's tail, and the fact
that one must make it scurry along a surface. As you move the mouse, the
pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction. Mice contain at
least one button and sometimes as many as three, which have different functions
depending on what program is running. Some newer mice also include a scroll
wheel for scrolling through long documents.
Scanner
A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints,
posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display.
Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning
black-and-white only, or color. Very high resolution scanners are used for
scanning for high-resolution printing, but lower resolution scanners are
adequate for capturing images for computer display. Scanners usually come with
software, such as Adobe's Photoshop product, that lets you resize and otherwise
modify a captured image.
Plotter
A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is
used for printing vector graphics. Instead of toner, plotters use a pen,
pencil, marker, or another writing tool to draw multiple, continuous lines onto
paper rather than a series of dots like a traditional printer. Though once
widely used for computer-aided design, these devices have more or less been
phased out by wide-format printers. Plotters are used to produce a hard copy of
schematics and other similar applications
